- States the largest tornado impacts come from ‘outbreaks’ consisting of multiple tornadoes closely spaced in time
- Finds an upward trend in the annual mean number of tornadoes per US tornado outbreak for the period 1954–2014
- Finds the variance of this quantity is increasing more than four times as fast as the mean
- States the mean and variance of the number of tornadoes per outbreak vary according to Taylor’s power law of fluctuation scaling (TL), with parameters that are consistent with multiplicative growth
- Finds tornado-related atmospheric proxies show similar power-law scaling and multiplicative growth
- States path-length-integrated tornado outbreak intensity also follows TL, but with parameters consistent with sampling variability
- Results show observed TL power-law scaling of outbreak severity means that extreme outbreaks are more frequent than would be expected if mean and variance were independent or linearly related
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